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Ref. 040 Pycnogenol® is shown to be bioavailable based on its therapeutic effects in vivo:- the prevention of platelet aggregation and the capillary sealing effect. Valerolactones as sulphates or glucoronides appear in the urine and they represent the active metabolites of Pycnogenol®.
Rohdewald, P. (1999)
Bioavailabilty and metabolism of Pycnogenol®.
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7 (2): 5-7. |
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Ref. 058 Pycnogenol®, its components and metabolites are bio-available in human for more than 24 hours to produce their beneficial effects.
Grosse-Duweler, K. and Rohdewald, P. (2000)
Urinary metabolites of French maritime pine bark extract in humans.
Pharmazie, 55:364-368. |
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Ref. 060 Bio-kinetics (absorption, metabolism and excretion) of Pycnogenol® in healthy human subjects has been demonstrated by studying the excretion pattern of ferulic acid (one of the components of Pycnogenol®).
Virgili, F., Pagana, G. Bourne, L., Rimbach, G., Natella, F., Rice-Evance, C and Packer, L. (2000)
Ferulic acid excretion as a marker of consumption of a French maritime pine ( Pinus maritima) bark extract.
Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 28 (8): 1249-1256. |
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